Foundation on lowered wells
Lowered wells are used in these cases, when the load-bearing soil is deep and the structure is heavy, the number and length of the piles needed proves to be too great. The most commonly used are concrete and reinforced concrete wells, less often of brick or steel. Such wells can be used both in non-irrigated soils, and hydrated.
The well is lowered: a) vertical section, b) details of the knives of the abandoned well.
The wells are prepared on the ground surface. At the bottom, the well is equipped with a steel structure knife. The lowering of the well is done by removing the soil from inside it, either manually or mechanically. A knife is used to leave the well, which at the same time protects the walls from damage when hitting hard obstacles in the ground.
The shape of the lowered well in the horizontal projection depends on the size and shape of the above-ground and above-water part of the building. One wells are recommended- or multi-chamber.
When leaving the chambers, there are sometimes difficulties in the performance of works due to the following factors:
a) lateral resistance greater than expected,
b) the deviation of the well from the vertical,
c) encountering an obstacle in the ground, e.g.. boulders, wood logs, etc..
Foundation on a sloping ground
The bottoms of the footings and footings are made horizontally. In case of greater slopes, faults should be used in the benches.
In places of faults, if the ground is uneven or weak, the foundation should be strengthened, that the ground pressures are as far away from the fault as possible. In the reinforced concrete footing, the fault is strengthened by arranging the bars according to fig. B.
The foundation of the building on a sloping ground: a) bench with steps, b) detail of reinforced concrete footing reinforcement.